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第三章、英文合同常用虚词(UsualFunctionWords)1.Here/there/where+介词构成的古体词基本规则:Here代表this，there代表that，where代表which或what即here/there/where+介词=介词+this/that/whichorwhatlHereby:bymeansof;byreasonofthis.特此，由此，兹等意。例句:TheBuyerherebyordersfromtheSellertheundermentionedgoodssubjecttothefollowingconditions:买方向卖方订购下列商品，条件如下:lHerein:inthis。此中，于此。例句:TheminimumroyaltyhereinspecifiedshallbepaidbyPartyBtoPartyA.在此规定的最低特许权使用费应由乙方付给甲方。lHereinafter:laterinthesameContract.以下，在下文。通常与tobereferredtoas,referredas,called连用。例句:ThisAgreementismadeandconcludedon_,(date)_(year),byandbetween_(hereinaftercalledPartyA)ontheonehandand_(hereinaftercalledPartyB)ontheotherhand.本协议书于_年_月_日由_(以下简称甲方)为一方，与_(以下简称乙方)为另一方签订。lHereof:ofthis。关于此点，在本文件中。Hereunder:underthis.本文件规定。例句:Bothpartiesagreetoattempttoresolvealldisputesbetweenthepartieswithrespecttotheapplicationorinterpretationofanytermhereofoftransactionhereunder,throughamicablenegotiation.合同双方就本合同规定交易任一条款的适用和解释所产生的所有争议同意力求通过友好协商予以解决。lHereto:tothis.本文件的。Thereof:ofthat.它的，其。Thereto:tothat与之，向那里。例句:"LicensedProducts"meansthedevicesandproductsdescribedinSchedule1annexedheretotogetherwithallimprovementandmodificationthereofordevelopmentwithrespectthereto."特许产品"系指在本协议附件1中所述的装置和产品，及其全部改进和修改的产品和与之相关的产品。lHerewith:withthis.与此，附此。Thereby:bythatmeans.因此，由此，从而例句:InanyoneormoreoftheprovisionscontainedinthisContractoranydocumentexecutedinconnectionherewithshallbeinvalidofunenforceableinanyrespectunderanyapplicablelaw,thevalidityandenforceabilityoftheremainingprovisionscontainedhereinshallnotinanywaybeaffectedthereby.如果根据现行法律，本合同及与此有关文件中有一项或多项条款被视为无效或不能履行，本合同其余条款的效力和履行将不因此受影响。lThereafter:afterthat，afterwards.此后。例句:TheContractforthecontractualjointventureshallcontinuefromaperiodotwoyearsthereafter.本合作经营企业合同，此后应持续有效两年。lTherein:inthat;inthatparticularcontext;inthatrespect.在那里;在那点上;在那方面。例句:TheLeasedPremisesaredeemedtobefitforoccupationwhenthebuildingthereinissubstantiallycompleted.当在那里的建筑物实质完成时，该租赁房屋才认为适合占有居住。lTherewith:withthat.以此;此外。例句:TheEmployershallindemnifyandsaveharmlesstheContractoragainstandfromthesameandagainstandfromallclaims,proceedings,damages,costs,chargesandexpenseswhatsoeverarisingthereoutorinconnectiontherewith.业主应赔偿所有索赔、诉讼、损害赔偿、支出、花费、费用，不论因本合同产生或与其相关，并保证承包人免于承担上述责任。lWhereby:bytheagreement;bythefollowingtermsandconditions,etc.凭此协议，想象竞合犯。凭此条款等。例句:ThisAgreementismadeandconcludedbyandbetweenAACorporation(hereinafterreferredtoasPartyA)andBBCompany(hereinafterreferredtoasPartyB)wherebythePartiesheretoagreetoenterintothecompensationtradeunderthetermsandconditionssetforthbelow:本协议由AA公司(以下简称甲方)和BB公司(以下简称乙方)签订。双方同意按下列条款进行补偿贸易。(本句中省略未译)2.WITNESSETH,Whereas,NowTherefore,NOWTHESEPRESENTSWITNESS,KnowAllMenbythesepresents，InwitnessWhereof,InTestimonyWhereof,Undersigned.WITHNESSETH,Whereas,NowTherefore用于英文合同前言部分，InwitnessWhereof用于合同结尾证明部分，在第二章篇章结构特点中已有涉及，恕不赘述。lInTestimonyWhereof:inWitnessWhereof.以此为证，特立此证。例句:InTestimonyWhereofwehaveheretosignedthisDocumenton_(date)acceptedon_(date).我方于__年__月__日签署本文件，并于__年__月__日接受该文件，特此为证。lNOWTHESEPRESENTSWITNESS:兹特立约为据,本句话也是用于WHEREAS条款之后引出具体协议事项。例句:NOWTHESEPRESENTSWITNESSthatitisherebyagreedbetweenthepartiesheretoasfollows:兹特立约为据，并由订约双方协议如下:lKNOWALLMENbythesepresents:根据本文件，特此宣布。(通常用于前言部分)例句:KNOWALLMENbythesepresentsthatwe_(bank'sname)havingourregisteredofficeat_(hereinaftercalled"theBank")willbeboundunto_(theOwner'sname)(hereinaftercalled"theOwner")inthesumof_forpaymentwellandtrulytobemadetothesaidOwner,theBankwillbinditself,itssuccessorsandbetterassigneebythesepresents.根据本文件，兹宣布，我行，(银行名称)，其注册地点在(以下简称本银行)向(业主名称)(以下简称本业主)立约担保支付(金额数)的保证金。本保证书对本银行及其继受人和受让人均具有约束力。lUndersigned:法律文件末尾的签名者,前面加定冠词the,是指文件签署者的自称。例句:TheundersignedSellerandBuyerhaveagreedtoclosethefollowingtransactioninaccordancewiththetermsandconditionsstipulatedasfollows:兹经签约的买卖双方同意，按下列条款，达成这笔交易。3.Notwithstanding:inspiteof,despite.即使，尽管。例1:Notwithstandinganyotherprovisionstothecontraryherein,insurancecoverageandlimitsshallbesubjecttoapprovalofalltheparties.即使有与本合同相悖的规定，保险范围和责任限制应以合同各方同意为准。例2:NotwithstandingArticle2.2,thepartiesmayagreetoextendtheExpirationdatetosuchdateasisreasonableinthecircumstancesifanyoftheconditionsprecedentreferredtoinArticle2.1isnotsatisfiedorwaivedonorbeforetheExpirationDate,anysuchagreementorwaivertobeinwriting.尽管有本合同第二条第二款规定，如上述第二条第一款规定的先决条件在合同期满日之前既未实现又未放弃，合同各方亦可根据具体情况，约定合理延长合同的期满日。4.As合同英语中as出现的频率极高，而且用法灵活多变，是典型的自由人。在某种意义上讲，相比看刑事辩护词 。as使用的熟练程度可以衡量合同英语的造诣。具体用法和含义见以下实例:lAs放在代表规定的provide，stipulate，setforth，prescribe等词的过去分词前，含义为"依照某某规定"。例1:Forpurposeofthis,CapitalAccountshallbeadjustedhypotheticallyasprovidedforinSection4.6herein.基于此，应依照本合同第四条第六款调整资金账户。例2:basedontheirrespectiveVentureinterestsassetforthinSection5.2hereof.基于本合同第五条第二款规定的各方在合资公司中的权益。l另有Exceptasotherwiseprovided结构，表示"除非本文/某条款另有规定"。例句:Exceptasotherwiseprovidedherein,allnoticesordemandssentbyregisteredairmailshallbedeemedreceived8daysaftertheyhavebeensentandnoticesordemandssentbytelexshallbedeemedreceivedatthetimeofthedispatchthereof.除非本合同另有规定，所有通知和请求以航空挂号信寄出则发出后8日应视为送达收悉，以电传方式发出则在发送时视为收悉。来源:(-英文合同解读(五)_kevin_新浪博客lAs构成asthecasemaybe(视具体情况而定)，asthecasemayrequire(视具体要求而定)和astheVenturersmaydetermine等短语。例句:TheVenturemayrelocateitsofficefromtimetotimeorhaveadditionalofficesastheVenturersmaydetermine.该合资公司视投资者决策，可随时迁址或增添营业场所。lAs构成asofthedateof_(date)短语是英语合同中表示"自某年某月某日起"最正式的表达。合同。例句:Inwitnesswhereof,thepartieshavecausedthisinstrumenttobedulyexecutedasofthedayandyearfirstabovewritten.合同双方签订本文件，该文件自以上书就日期即时生效，特此为证。lAs还用在assoonaspractical短语中，意义用法相当于assoonaspossible.例句:DuringtheEmploymentPeriod,theCompanyagreesthatitshallrecommendtotheBoardtheelectionoftheEmployeeasaDirectoroftheCompanyontheCommencementDateorassoonaspracticalthereafter.本公司同意在聘用期间，应自本协议开始或其后尽早的时间向董事会推选受聘方为本公司董事。As与such连用是英文合同中一大特色，参看本书第二章第三节部分，在此不在赘述。5.foregoing,aforesaid,thesaid,aforementioned,above-mentioned,inquestionlForegoing,aforesaid,thesaid,aforementioned,above-mentioned一族，一般放在名词前作限定，意为"前述的"或"上述的"，为避免重复已经提到的姓名或名称。例1:TheBankshallgivepromptwrittenortelexnoticetotheBorroweroftheInterestRateineffectfromtimetotimeinaccordancewiththeforegoingsentence.本银行将根据前述的句子以书面或电传形式随时及时通知借款方生效的利率。例2:ThecontractshallbewritteninChineseandin_.Bothlanguageversionsareequallyauthentic.Intheeventofanydiscrepancybetweenthetwoaforementionedversions,theChineseversionshallprevail.本合同应以中文和_文书就，具同等法律效力。前述两种文本如有歧异，以中文文本为准。lInquestion:underconsideration;beingtalkabout.通常表示"在考虑或讨论中的"某件事或某个问题，可译为"这"或"该"问题。例句:AllpricestobepaidbytheBuyerunderitsobligationsofthebuyback/counter-purchaseContractshallbetheworldmarketpricestakingintoaccounttheotherdeliverytermsforthegoodsinquestion.买方根据返销或回购货物合同的义务所支付的价格应为世界市场价格，结合考虑该货物的其他交货条件。6.follows,asbelow,thefollowing这一族都表示"下列"，一般放在动词后，而thefollowing作为"下列"在英文合同中用的较少。这样的例子俯手皆是，恐怕每个英文合同都少不了的。NOWTHEREFORE,thepartiesherebycovenantandagreeasfollows;为此，双方达成契约，约定如下:NOWTHEREFORE,itisherebyagreedasbelow.为此，双方约定如下:Nowtherefore,inconsiderationofthepremisesandcovenantsdescribedhereinafter,PartyAandPartyBagreeasfollows:兹以上述各点和契约所载条款为约因，订约双方协议如下:7.accordingto,under,subjectto,inaccordancewith,asper,asprovidedin,pursuantto,incompliancewith这一族都表示"依照，根据"合同的约定或者法律的规定。其中尤以"accordingto"最不正式，自然用的最少了，而"inaccordancewith"最为常见。例如:Incasenosettlementcanbereached,thecasemaythenbesubmittedforarbitrationtoChinaInternationalEconomicAndTradeArbitrationCommissioninaccordancewiththeprovisionalRulesofProcedurespromulgatedbythesaidArbitrationCommission.如未能达成和解，该案件可提交中国国际贸易仲裁委员会根据该仲裁委员会颁布的仲裁程序暂行规定进行仲裁。又如:APhotostatcopyoftheAcceptanceCertificateoftheContractPlantsignedbytherepresentativesofbothpartiesasperChapter9ofthepresentContract.该合同设备的验收证书的影印副本由双方代表按照该合同第九章签收。再如:BothPartiesshalleachcontributetheirpaidincapitalincompliancewiththeitemsspecifiedintheappendixtotheContract.合同双方应按照本合同附件中载明的项目进行出资。8.Includingbutnotlimitedto与including,withoutlimitation以及includingbywayofillustrationbutnotlimitation英文合同表达"包括但不限于"时，就会用到这几个短语。例如:ThetimefortheperformanceoftheSeller'sobligationssetforthinthisContractshallbeautomaticallyextendedforaperiodequaltothedurationofanynonperformancearisingdirectlyorindirectlyfromForceMajeureeventsincludingbutnotlimitedtofire,flood,earthquake,typhoon,naturalcatastrophe,andallothercontingenciesandcircumstanceswhatsoeverbeyondtheSeller'sreasonablecontrolpreventing,hinderingorinterferingwiththeperformancethereof.本合同规定卖方履行义务的时间应自动延长等同于由于直接或间接由于不可抗力事件导致的不能履行的期间。不可抗力事件包括但不限于火灾、洪水、地震、台风、自然灾害和卖方无论怎样也无法合理控制的阻止、妨碍、干扰本合同履行的其他风险和情形。9.priorto,nolaterthan,onorbefore，onandafterpriorto,onorbefore，nolaterthan,onorafter常用在英文合同中限定日期，priorto表示"某日之前，提前多少日"。onorbefore,no(not)laterthan,表示"不迟于"，Onandafter表示"从某日起"。例如:PartyAshallbeunauthorizedtoacceptanyordersorttocollectanyaccountonandafterSeptember20.自9月2O日起，甲方已无权接受任何定单或收据。例如:Ourtermsarecashwithinthreemonths,i.e.onorbeforeMay1.我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。例如:PartyBshallshipthegoodswithinonemonthofthedateofsigningthisContract,i.e.notlaterthanDecember.本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。例如:10-15dayspriortothedateofshipment,theBuyershallinformtheSellerbycableortelexofthecontractnumber,nameofvessel,ETAofvessel,quantitytobeloadedandthenameofshippingagent,soastoenabletheSellertocontacttheshippingagentdirectandarrangetheshipmentofthegoods.装运前10天到15天，买方应以电报或电传方式通知卖方合同编号、装运船名，预计到达时间，装载数量和承运代理商名称，以便能使卖方直接联系承运代理商安排货物装运。此外，为限定时间更为明确，还常用inclusive、including和included，来限定含当日在内的时间。例如:ThiscreditexpirestillJanuary1(inclusive)fornegotiationinBeijing.(or:ThiscreditexpirestillandincludingJanuary1fornegotiationinBeijing.)本证在北京议付，有效期至1月1日。如果不包括1月1日在内，则为tillandnotincludingJanuary1。10.WithoutprejudicetoWithoutprejudiceto,常用于英文合同中，表示在"不损害某规定/情况下"。例如:TheBuyershallneverthelesshavetherighttocancelinpartorinwholeofthecontractwithoutprejudicetotheBuyer'srighttoclaimcompensations.不妨害买方索赔权，买方仍有权取消合同的部分或全部。11.Attributableto,dueto,owingto,byvirtueof,inviewof,becauseof,onaccountof，considering,inconsiderationof这一组短语出现在英文合同中都表示"因为"，其中dueto，owingto，becauseof较不正式，很少使用。(责任编辑：admin) 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